Introduction to PHP:

• Index
• History and features of PHP
• Setting up the PHP development environment.
• Running PHP scripts.

PHP Syntax and Variables:

• Variables, data types, and type conversion.
• Operators and expressions.
• Constants and predefined variables.
• Variable scope and superglobals.

Control Structures:

• Conditional statements (if-else, switch-case).
• Looping structures (for loop, while loop, foreach loop).
• Loop control statements (break, continue).

Functions and Parameters:

• Defining and calling functions.
• Function parameters (passing by value, passing by reference).
• Return values and recursion.
• Variable scope and global/local variables.

Arrays and Array Functions:

• Indexed arrays, associative arrays, and multidimensional arrays.
• Array operations (adding, removing, modifying elements).
• Array functions (sorting, searching, merging, slicing).

Strings and String Functions:

• String manipulation and concatenation.
• String functions (length, substring, search, replace).
• String formatting and regular expressions.

File Handling:

• Reading and writing files.
• File modes and file pointers.
• File operations (opening, closing, checking existence).
• Exception handling with file operations.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

• Introduction to OOP concepts.
• Classes, objects, and properties.
• Methods, constructors, and destructors.
• Inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.

Database Connectivity:

• Connecting to databases (e.g., MySQL, SQLite).
• Executing SQL queries and retrieving results.
• Prepared statements and parameterized queries.
• Error handling and transaction management.

Form Handling and Validation:

• Working with HTML forms and form data.
• Form input validation and sanitization.
• Handling form submissions and displaying errors.

Cookies and Sessions:

• Managing user sessions and cookies.
• Storing and retrieving session data.
• Implementing secure session handling.

Error Handling and Exception Handling:

• Understanding errors, warnings, and notices.
• Handling errors and displaying error messages.
• Using try-catch blocks for exception handling.

PHP and Web Security:

• Input validation and sanitization.
• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) prevention.
• Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) protection.
• SQL Injection prevention and data encryption.

PHP and Web APIs:

• Consuming and integrating with web APIs.
• Making HTTP requests (GET, POST, etc.).
• Handling JSON/XML responses.
• Authentication and API key usage.

PHP Frameworks:

• Introduction to popular PHP frameworks (e.g., Laravel, Symfony, CodeIgniter).
• MVC architecture and framework components.
• Building web applications with frameworks.